Free Psychology Books: Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology by Sonu Shamdasani

Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology by Sonu Shamdasani

Occultist, Scientist, Prophet,Charlatan, Philosopher, Racist,Guru, Anti-Semite, Liberator of Women, Misogynist, Freudian Apostate, Gnostic, Post-Modernist, Polygamist, Healer, Poet, Con-Artist, Psychiatrist and Anti-Psychiatrist – what has C. G. Jung not been called? Mention him to someone, and you are likely to receive one of these images. For Jung is someone that people – informed or not – have opinions about. The swift reaction time indicates that people respond to Jung’s life and work as if they are sufficiently known. Yet the very proliferation of “Jungs” leads one to question whether everyone could possibly be talking about the same figure. In 1952, Jung responded to the fact that he had been variously described as a theist, an atheist, amystic, and amaterialist by noting: “When opinions over the same subject differ widely, according to my view, there is the well-founded suspicion that none of them is correct, i.e., that there is a misunderstanding.” 2 Nearly fifty years later, the number of divergent views and interpretations of Jung has prodigiously multiplied. He has become a figure upon whom an endless succession of myths, legends, fantasies, and fictions continues to be draped. Travesties, distortions, and caricatures have become the norm. This process shows no signs of abating.

 
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Free Psychology Books: Research in Psychology by J. Goodwin

Research in Psychology by J. Goodwin

The most obvious reason for taking a course in research methods is to begin the process of learning how to do research in psychology. My ideal scenario would be for you to become fascinated by research, decide that you would like to do some, get your feet wet as an undergraduate (e.g., collaborate with a professor and perhaps present your research at a research conference), go to graduate school and complete a doctorate in psychology, begin a career as a productive researcher, get lots of publications and win lots of grants, achieve tenure, and eventually be named recipient of the APA’s annual award for ‘‘Distinguished Scientific Contributions’’! Of course, I’m also a realist and know that most psychology majors have interests other than doing research, most do not go on to earn doctorates, most who earn doctorates do not become productive researchers, and very few productive scholars win prestigious APA awards. If you won’t be a famous research psychologist some day, are there still reasons to take this course? Sure. For one thing, a course in research methods provides a solid foundation for other psychology courses in more specific topic areas (social, cognitive, developmental, etc.). This is an important reason why your psychology department requires you to take a methodology course. 

The difference between the methods course and these other courses is essentially the difference between process and content. The methods course teaches a process of acquiring knowledge about psychological phenomena that is then applied to all the specific content areas represented by other courses in the psychology curriculum. A social psychology experiment in conformity might be worlds apart in subject matter from a cognitive psychology study on eyewitness memory, but their common thread is method— the way in which researchers gain their knowledge about these phenomena. Fully understanding textbook descriptions of research in psychology is much easier if you know something about the methods used to arrive at the conclusions. To illustrate, take a minute and look at one of your other psychology textbooks. Chances are that virtually every paragraph makes some assertion about behavior that either includes a specific description of a research study or at least makes reference to one. On my shelf, for example, is a social psychology text by Myers (1990) that includes the following description of a study about the effects of violent pornography on male aggression (Donnerstein, 1980). Myers wrote that the experimenter ‘‘showed 120...men either a neutral, an erotic, or an aggressive-erotic (rape) film. 

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Free Psychology Books: Foundation of Cognitive Psychology by D. J. Levitin

Foundation of Cognitive Psychology  by D. J. Levitin

What Is Cognition? Cognition encompasses the scientific study of the human mind and how it processes information; it focuses on one of the most difficult of all mysteries that humans have addressed. The mind is an enormously complex system holding a unique position in science: by necessity, we must use the mind to study itself, and so the focus of study and the instrument used for study are recursively linked. The sheer tenacity of human curiosity has in our own life-times brought answers to many of the most challenging scientific questions we have had the ambition to ask. Although many mysteries remain, at the dawn of the twenty-first century, we find that we do understand much about the fundamental laws of chemistry, biology, and physics; the structure of space-time, the origins of the universe. We have plausible theories about the origins and nature of life and have mapped the entire human genome. We can now turn our attention inward, to exploring the nature of thought, and how our mental life comes to be what it is. There are scientists from nearly every field engaged in this pursuit. Physicists try to understand how physical matter can give rise to that ineffable state we call consciousness, and the decidedly nonphysical ‘‘mind stuff ’’ that Descartes and other philosophers have argued about for centuries. Chemists, biologists, and neuroscientists join them in trying to explicate the mechanisms by which neurons communicate with each other and eventually form our thoughts, memories, emotions, and desires. At the other end of the spectrum, economists study how we balance choices about limited natural and financial resources, and anthropologists study the influence of culture on thought and the formation of societies. So at one end we find scientists studying atoms and cells, at the other end there are scientists studying entire groups of people. Cognitive psychologists tend to study the individual, and mental systems within individual brains, although ideally we try to stay informed of what our colleagues are doing. So cognition is a truly interdisciplinary endeavor, and this collection of readings is intended to reflect that.

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Free Psychology Books: Forensic and legal psychology (2012) by Costanzo & Krauss

Forensic and legal psychology (2012) by Costanzo & Krauss

Every year, each of us teaches a course in either Forensic Psychology or Psychology and Law. This combined teaching experience—spanning more than three decades—prompted us to write this book and guided our writing process. Our goal was to produce a student-friendly textbook, a book that is both acces-sible and rigorous. Drawing on research in social, cognitive, clinical, and devel-opmental psychology, we have attempted to show how psychological science can be used to enhance the gathering of evidence, improve legal decision-making, re-duce crime, and promote justice. One aspect of this book that makes it a distinctive alternative to existing text-books is writing style. Of necessity, all textbooks designed for a particular course must be similar in content. Often, it is how content is presented that makes a book appealing to students and instructors. Great care has been taken to write Forensic and Legal Psychology in a lively, engaging style. When presenting research findings, we have tried to portray the research process as a kind of detective story—an ef-fort to unravel a mystery through systematic data collection. We have also made extensive use of real cases and trials to draw students into the material and to illustrate the relevance of research findings. To make sure our writing was clear and engaging, every chapter was reviewed and edited by both students and scholars. Finally, to enhance the visual appeal of the book and to clarify research findings, we have used tables, graphs, photos, and figures throughout the text. 

Forensic and Legal Psychology is intended to provide a comprehensive introduction to the varied, expanding field of psychology and law. The chapters that follow explore virtually every aspect of the legal system that has been studied by psychologists. We emphasize how research and theory can deepen our under-standing of key participants (e.g., criminals, police, victims, lawyers, witnesses, judges, and jurors) and basic psychological processes (e.g., decision-making, persuasion, perception, memory, and behavior change) in the legal system. In ad-dition to core chapters on topics such as eyewitness identification, jury decision-making, child custody, and the insanity defense, we have included full chapters on a few topics not well-covered in most textbooks. For example, our chapter on the psychology of forensic identification(DNA, fingerprints, and physical trace ev-idence) explores an increasingly important area of psychology and law. Contrary to media depictions, the process of matching trace evidence to a criminal suspect relies heavily on human judgment and is prone to error based on perceptual and cognitive biases. We have also devoted an entire chapter to the rapidly evolving area of workplace law(a topic that includes issues such as sexual harassment, prejudice and discrimination, and work-family conflicts). Full chapters are also devoted to risk assessment(a key consideration in arrest, sentencing, and parole...........

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Free Psychology Books: Pathways into the Jungian World by Roger Brooke

Pathways into the Jungian World by Roger Brooke

Analytical psychology and phenomenology have had an uneasy relationship. Jung liked to describe himself as an “empiricist” concerned with “facts,” but clearly what he meant by this was not how these terms are usually understood in psychology, defined as it is (or was) as an extension of natural science into the human realm. To use Dilthey’s classic terms, Jung understood “facts” not in terms of the Natuurswissenschaften but in terms appropriate to the Geisteswissenschaften,the human sciences. 1 In other words, Jung’s appeals to the scientific status of his ideas rested on the legitimacy of meanings as the fundamental evidence of human experience. From this perspective, there is less tension between Jung’s claim to being a scientist concerned with “facts” and his insistence that he was a phenomenologist. His appeal to phenomenology was central to his criticism of Freudian reductionism, the tendency to interpret the magnitude and range of experience as “nothing but” something else, at a lower order of explanation—religious experience, for example, as regressive, Oedipal, and defensive. In line with the phenomenological tradition, Jung was concerned to address the phenomena of psychological life “on their own terms,” in ways that did not violate the integrity of experience. That is a fair definition of phenomenological psychology: it is the systematic attempt to describe the phenomena of psychological life without violating the integrity of experience. The question then is why the pioneers of phenomenology paid so little attention to Jung and were generally so unsympathetic, even though their essential criticisms of Freud were not only articulated by Jung but in general anticipatedby him. Before pioneers such as Ludwig Binswanger and Erwin Straus, it was Jung who cogently critiqued Freud’s psychophysiological and materialist assumptions, historical determinism, and his apparent inability to acknowledge that his “findings” were not merely “objective” but were constituted by a certain historically conditioned perspective.Herbert Spiegelberg (1972), in his definitive study of the history of phenomenological psychology, devotes only a page and a half to Jung, and says that Jung’s claim to being a phenomenologist owed to the movement’s popularity rather than to anything substantial. Spiegelberg’s neglectof Jung merely reflects the field.

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Free Psychology Books: Medicine, Magic and Religion by WHR Rivers

Medicine, Magic and Religion by WHR Rivers

MEDICINE, magic, and religion are abstract-terms, each of which connotes a large group of social processes, processes by means of which mankind has come to regulate his behaviour towards the world around him. Among ourselves these three groups of process are more or less sharply marked off from one another. One has gone altogether into the background of our social life, while the other two form distinct social categories widely different from one another, and having few elements in common. If we survey mankind widely this distinction and separation do not exist. There are many peoples among whom the three sets of social process are so closely inter-related that the disentanglement of each from the rest is difficult or impossible; while there are yet other peoples among whom the social processes to which we give the name of Medicine can hardly be said to exist, so closely is man’s attitude towards disease identical with that which he adopts towards other classes of natural phenomena.

METHODS OF INQUIRY In any attempt to study a social institution there are three chief lines of approach and methods of inquiry. We may examine the institution historically, seeking to learn how it has been built up, how this advance has taken placc here and that there;we may study the social conditions under which it has progressed in one place, been stationary in another, and degenerated in a third; and we may attempt to go back to its origin, and ascertain the steps by which it has become differentiated from other institutions, and has acquired an independent existence. A second method is the psychological. We may attempt to study the states of mind, individual and collective, which underlie the acts, again individual and collective, the sum of which make up the institution in question. 

 

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Free Psychology Books: Freud, Jung, Klein the Fenceless Field by Fordham

Freud, Jung, Klein the Fenceless Field by Fordham

Dora’s analysis was conducted in 1900 after Freud had completed The Interpretation of Dreams,which was the basis for his later work and development. ‘Dora’, as the case was called, was written as a supplement to that volume and shows us, amongst other things, Freud analysing two dreams of his patient. The case was first written up in 1901 but not published till 1905, which is the version translated in the Standard Edition(SE). It appears that the ‘Postscript’ was written some time after the main body of the text, for it contains a discussion of the transference which Freud does not refer to much in his account of Dora’s analysis. This is the first of the masterly clinical studies to be considered. They are all descriptions of Freud at work and repay reading over and over again. It starts with thoughts about the problem of case presentation and reveals Freud’s sensitivity to his patient’s feelings. Early on in this first part is an account of how impossible it is to obtain a coherent history of an hysterical patient, so that only at the end of treatment can a more complete account of it be constructed. There are at the beginning deliberate concealments but more gaps due to repression. In other words, the difficulty of history taking is recognized as a symptom. Freud commented that in current accounts of hysterical patients the histories were made coherent—other clinicians had not understood, or had even observed incorrectly. This is only one example of Freud’s acute, indeed astonishing, capacity for observation, which converts what others might call theories or speculation into facts. It is this capacity which lends so often to conviction as to the truth of what he says. Freud remarks that he has not gone into the technique of his work, but I think that it is sufficiently displayed in the account he gives. It is quite clear, for instance, that he has given up the use of forced association derived from the practice of hypnosis: he now lets the patient choose the subject matter to be gone into, a claim which must be thought of in relation to Freud’s sophisticated questioning, translations and interpretations, which all influence the direction the analysis takes. None the less, he always records and listens to his patient’s response, making his relation to Dora much more of a dialectic than the stern projection screen which pictures how psychoanalysts are supposed to behave. Whether that was ever psychoanalytic procedure I do not know, but it is not so in Dora’s case nor in case material which we will examine later.

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