Free Psychology Books: Theories of Personality by G.J. Feist and J. Feist

Theories of Personality by G.J. Feist and J. Feist

What makes people behave as they do? Are people ordinarily aware of what they are doing, or are their behaviors the result of hidden, unconscious motives? Are some people naturally good and others basically evil? Or do all people have potential to be either good or evil? Is human conduct largely a product of nature, or is it shaped mostly by environmental influences? Can people freely choose to mold their personality, or are their lives determined by forces beyond their control? Are people best described by their similarities, or is unique-ness the dominant characteristic of humans? What causes some people to develop disordered personalities whereas others seem to grow toward psychological health? These questions have been asked and debated by philosophers, scholars, and religious thinkers for several thousand years; but most of these discussions were based on personal opinions that were colored by political, economic, religious, and social considerations. Then, near the end of the 19th century, some progress was made in humanity’s ability to organize, explain, and predict its own actions. The emergence of psychol-ogy as the scientific study of human behavior marked the beginning of a more systematic approach to the study of human personality. Early personality theorists, such as Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung, relied mostly on clinical observations to construct models of human behavior. Although their data were more systematic and re-liable than those of earlier observers, these theorists continued to rely on their own individualized way of looking at things, and thus they arrived at different conceptions of the nature of humanity. Later personality theorists tended to use more empirical studies to learn about human behavior. These the-orists developed tentative models, tested hypotheses, and then reformulated their models. In other words, they applied the tools of scientific inquiry and scientific theory to the area of human personality. Science, of course, is not divorced from speculation, imagination, and creativity, all of which are needed to formulate theories. Each of the personality theorists discussed in this book has evolved a theory based both on empirical observa-tions and on imaginative speculation. Moreover, each theory is a reflection of the personality of its creator. Thus, the different theories discussed in these pages are a reflection of the unique cultural background, family experiences, and professional training of their originators. The usefulness of each theory, however, is not evaluated on the personality of its author but on its ability to (1) generate research, (2) offer itself to fal-sification, (3) integrate existing empirical knowledge, and (4) suggest practical answers to everyday prob-lems. Therefore, we evaluate each of the theories discussed in this book on the basis of these four criteria as well as on (5) its internal consistency and (6) its simplicity. In addition, some personality theories have fer-tilized other fields, such as sociology, education, psychotherapy, advertising, management, mythology, coun-seling, art, literature, and religion. The Seventh Edition...............

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Free Psychology Books: The Psychology Book - DK Publishing by Cathrine Collin et al.

The Psychology Book - DK Publishing by Cathrine Collin et al.

Among all the sciences, psychology is perhaps the most mysterious to the general public, and the most prone to misconceptions. Even though its language and ideas have infiltrated everyday culture, most people have only a hazy idea of what the subject is about, and what psychologists actually do. For some, psychology conjures up images of people in white coats, either staffing an institution for mental disorders or conducting laboratory experiments on rats. Others may imagine a man with a middle-European accent psychoanalyzing a patient on a couch or, if film scripts are to be believed, plotting to exercise some form of mind control.
Although these stereotypes are an exaggeration, some truth lies beneath them. It is perhaps the huge range of subjects that fall under the umbrella of psychology (and the bewildering array of terms beginning with the prefix “psych-”) that creates confusion over what psychology entails; psychologists themselves are unlikely to agree on a single definition of the word. “Psychology” comes from the ancient Greek psyche, meaning “soul” or “mind,” and logia, a “study” or “account,” which seems to sum up the broad scope of the subject, but today the word most accurately describes “the science of mind and behavior.”......

 
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Free Psychology Books: Psychology by David Myer

Psychology by David Myer

For people whose exposure to psychology comes from popular books, magazines, TV, and the Internet, psychologists analyze personality, offer counseling, and dispense child-rearing advice. Do they? Yes, and much more. Consider some of psychology’s questions that from time to time you may wonder about: 

• Have you ever found yourself reacting to something as one of your biological parents would—perhaps in a way you vowed you never would—and then wondered how much of your personality you inherited? To what extent are personto- person differences in personality predisposed by our genes? To what extent by the home and community environments?

 • Have you ever worried about how to act among people of a different culture, race, or gender? In what ways are we alike as members of the human family? How do we differ?

• Have you ever awakened from a nightmare and, with a wave of relief, wondered why you had such a crazy dream? How often, and why, do we dream?

• Have you ever played peekaboo with a 6-month-old and wondered why the baby finds the game so delightful? The infant reacts as though, when you momentarily move behind a door, you actually disappear—only to reappear later out of thin air. What do babies actually perceive and think? 

• Have you ever wondered what leads to school and work success? Are some people just born smarter? Does sheer intelligence explain why some people get richer, think more creatively, or relate more sensitively? • Have you ever become depressed or anxious and wondered whether you’ll ever feel “normal”? What triggers our bad moods—and our good ones? Such questions provide grist for psychology’s mill, because psychology is a science that seeks to answer all sorts of questions about us all—how and why we think, feel, and act as we do.

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Free Psychology Books: Designing and Reporting Experiments in Psychology by Peter Harris

Designing and Reporting Experiments in Psychology by Peter Harris

 

This is a book about how to write undergraduate practical reports. It is designed to help students with every stage of the report writing process by giving them clear and detailed advice about what to put in each section of the report and describing broader issues of format, style and other issues involved in producing good reports of their practical work. As this book is first and foremost about how to write reports, this material forms the focus of the main body of the book, Part 1. Part 2 of this book contains material on design and statistics. It is designed to give students the background they need in key aspects of design and statistics to help them better understand what is required of them in report writing. Material in both parts is supplemented by a Web site that contains additional material on report writing and design. The Web site can be found at http://mcgraw-hill.co.uk/ openup/harris/ First published in 1986, this book has been reprinted many times and is now in its third edition, so several generations of undergraduate students have benefited from using it in their studies. I hope that this edition continues to prove a boon to students and look forward to receiving their emails about it. There are several changes and updates in this new edition. The most obvious is that, for the first time, it has been paired with two statistics textbooks from the same publisher, both of which have been selected because they are comparatively easy to use and have the appropriate breadth of coverage. Both of these are best sellers in their own right. J. Greene and M. D’Oliveira’s (2006) Learning to use statistical tests in psychology is the more basic and introductory and

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Free Psychology Books: Psychology (2011) by David G. Myers

Psychology (2011) by David G. Myers

Psychological Science Is Born.... To be human is to be curious about ourselves and the world around us. Before 300 B.C.E., the Greek naturalist and philosopher Aristotle theorized about learning and memory, motivation and emotion, perception and personality. Today we chuckle at some of his guesses, like his suggestion that a meal makes us sleepy by causing gas and heat to collect around the source of our personality, the heart. But credit Aristotle with asking the right questions. Philosophers’ thinking about thinking continued until the birth of psychology as we know it, on a December day in 1879, in a small, third-floor room at Germany’s University of Leipzig. There, two young men were helping an austere, middle - aged professor, Wilhelm Wundt, create an experimental apparatus. Their machine measured the time lag between people’s hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key (Hunt, 1993). Curiously, people responded in about one - tenth of a second when asked to press the key as soon as the sound occurred—and in about two - tenths of a second when asked to press the key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving the sound. (To be aware of one’s awareness takes a little longer.) Wundt was seeking to measure “atoms [....]

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Free Psychology Books: Psychology in Everyday Life by D.G. Myers

Psychology in Everyday Life by D.G. Myers

HOPING TO FIGURE OUT THEMSELVES AND OTHERS, millions tum to psychology, as you now do. What do psychologists really know? "What's it like being married to a psychologist?" people have occasionally asked my wife. "Does he use his psychology on you ?" "So, does your Dad, like, analyze you?" my children have been asked many times by friends. "What do you think of me?" asked one barber, hoping for an instant per­ sonality analysis after learning that I am a psychologist. For these questioners, as for most people whose exposure to psychology comes from popular media, psychologists analyze personality, offer counsel­ ing, and dispense child-rearing advice. Do they? Yes, and much more. Psychology's roots are broad, its ideas are big, and its investigations are scientific...........

Psychological Scienc e Is Born
How has psychology's focus changed over time?

Psychology as we know it was born on a December day in 1879, in a small, third­ floor room at a German university. There, Wilhelm Wundt and his assistants cre­ated a machine to measure how long it took people to press a telegraph key after hearing a ball hit a platform (Hunt, 1993). 2 (Most hit the key within about one-tenth of a second.) Wundt's attempt to measure "atoms of the mind"-the fastest and simplest mental processes-was psychol­ogy's first experiment. And that modest third-floor room took its place in history as the first psychological laboratory.

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Free Psychology Books: Cognitive Load Theory by J. L. Plass et al.

Cognitive Load Theory

What is Cognitive Load Theory (CLT)? The objective of CLT is to predict learning outcomes by taking into consideration the capabilities and limitations of the human cognitive architecture. The theory can be applied to a broad range of learning environments because it links the design characteristics of learning materials to principles of human information processing. CLT is guided by the idea that the design of effective learning scenarios has to be based on our knowledge about how the human mind works. Starting from this premise, different processes of knowledge acquisition and understanding are described in terms of their demands on the human cognitive system, which is seen as an active, limited-capacity information processing system. Taking into account the demands on cognitive resources induced by the complexity of the information to be learned, the way in which the instruction is presented to the learner, and the learner’s prior experience and knowledge, CLT aims to predict what makes learning successful and how learning can be effectively supported by teaching and instruction. 

Because of its applicability for a broad range of instructional materials, including Web-based and multimedia instruction, CLT is a frequently discussed concept in educational psychology and applied learning sciences. A growing body of empirical research has become available in recent years that describes the relationships among human cognitive architecture, the design of educational materials, and successful learning. Moreover, the research conducted in past years has led to a more detailed description of the theoretical components of CLT, including processes of schema acquisition, capacity limitations, and different causes for load, namely, intrinsic load (generated by the difficulty of the materials), extraneous load (generated by the design of the instruction and materials), and germane load (the amount of invested mental effort).

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Personal Peacefulness - Psychological Perspectives by Greggory K. Sims et al.

Personal Peacefulness - Psychological Perspectives

It is almost universally accepted that world peace would be the ideal condition for international relations, and peace is also considered to be the ideal state for intergroup relationships such as between ethnic and religious groups. People also want their interpersonal relationships to be peaceful, including relationships in the family and at the workplace. Finally, people generally seek intrapersonal peace as a psychological and spiritual goal. We use the term “personal peacefulness” to refer to the peacefulness of individuals, including inner peace, interpersonal peacefulness, and peaceful attitudes toward groups and nations. This book will discuss the nature and determinants of peacefulness in each of these domains and will explore the possibility that peacefulness in any one domain relates to peacefulness in others. The book will also address the relationship between personal peacefulness and well-being which includes seeing our physical and psychological nature as inseparable. In addition, the book will describe various methods for enhancing the peacefulness of individuals. This will include efforts to identify qualities of personality that relate to the regulation and integration of affect, nonviolent attitudes and behavior, and caring involvement within oneself and with others.

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Free Psychology Books: A New Unified Theory of Psychology by Gregg Henriques

A New Unified Theory of Psychology 

 

This book is written for anyone with a broad interest in psychology. I am especially writing for advanced undergraduate and graduate students who yearn for a more coherent way to view the field. Students, for example, who have been in classes with professors who subscribed to behavioral or cognitive or psychodynamic or humanistic or evolutionary or cultural or neuroscience perspectives and have found themselves wondering, “This seems to make sense, but what my other professors say also seems to makes sense. Do they have to be defined against one another? Is there any way to integrate these perspectives into a coherent whole?” I am also writing for professional psychologists who see themselves as eclectic or integrative in their approach to psychotherapy because they have come to see that each of the major schools has good insights to offer, and it seems that there should be a way to blend them together in a manner that makes sense. I am also writing for scholars of the field, those who have probed deeply into the theoretical and philosophical problems associated with the discipline and its subject matter. To them, I offer a solution to a previously unsolvable problem. Finally, this book is written for those individuals outside the discipline who have a keen interest in obtaining a larger sense of the field and want a comprehensive set of ideas that help make sense of the human condition.......

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