Free Psychology Books: Medicine, Magic and Religion by WHR Rivers

Medicine, Magic and Religion by WHR Rivers

MEDICINE, magic, and religion are abstract-terms, each of which connotes a large group of social processes, processes by means of which mankind has come to regulate his behaviour towards the world around him. Among ourselves these three groups of process are more or less sharply marked off from one another. One has gone altogether into the background of our social life, while the other two form distinct social categories widely different from one another, and having few elements in common. If we survey mankind widely this distinction and separation do not exist. There are many peoples among whom the three sets of social process are so closely inter-related that the disentanglement of each from the rest is difficult or impossible; while there are yet other peoples among whom the social processes to which we give the name of Medicine can hardly be said to exist, so closely is man’s attitude towards disease identical with that which he adopts towards other classes of natural phenomena.

METHODS OF INQUIRY In any attempt to study a social institution there are three chief lines of approach and methods of inquiry. We may examine the institution historically, seeking to learn how it has been built up, how this advance has taken placc here and that there;we may study the social conditions under which it has progressed in one place, been stationary in another, and degenerated in a third; and we may attempt to go back to its origin, and ascertain the steps by which it has become differentiated from other institutions, and has acquired an independent existence. A second method is the psychological. We may attempt to study the states of mind, individual and collective, which underlie the acts, again individual and collective, the sum of which make up the institution in question. 

 

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Free Psychology Books: Exploring Psychology by David G. Myers

Exploring Psychology by David G. Myers

There once was a man whose second wife was a vain and selfish woman. This woman’s two daughters were similarly vain and selfish. The man’s own daughter, however, was meek and unselfish. This sweet, kind daughter, whom we all know as Cinderella, learned early on that she should do as she was told, accept ill treatment and insults, and avoid doing anything to upstage her stepsisters and their mother. But then, thanks to her fairy godmother, Cinderella was able to escape her situation for an evening and attend a grand ball, where she attracted the attention of a handsome prince. When the love-struck prince later encountered Cinderella back in her degrading home, he failed to recognize her. Implausible? The folktale demands that we accept the power of the situation. In the presence of her oppressive stepmother, Cinderella was humble and unattractive. At the ball, Cinderella felt more beautiful— and walked and talked and smiled as if she were. In one situation, she cowered. In the other, she charmed. The French philosopher-novelist Jean-Paul Sartre (1946) would have had no problem accepting the Cinderella premise. We humans are “first of all beings in a situation,” he wrote. “We cannot be distinguished from our situations, for they form us and decide our possibilities” (pp. 59–60, paraphrased).....

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Free Psychology Books: Social Anxiety and Social Phobia by C. Kearney

Social Anxiety and Social Phobia by C. Kearney

Trait theorists have long argued that human personalities can be distilled into several main factors or categories (e.g., Allport & Odbert, 1936), and some of these seem particularly relevant to social phobia. One trait in particular has been introversion. For example, Jung conceptualized humans as having several basic attitudes or predispositions to act in certain ways (Jung, 1921/1971). Introversion was one such attitude, and was characterized by aloofness, inhibition, and a focus toward inner experience and away from others. Conversely, extraversion was an attitude characterized by a need for social contact and attention and enthusiasm for cultivating friendships. The concept of introversion-extraversion was greatly expanded by Eysenck, who thought this dimension intersected with a second continuum: instability-stability (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1963) (see Figure 1.1). Like Jung, extraversion was characterized by a generally sociable and gregarious nature, but in Eysenck’s approach one that could range from restlessness, aggressiveness, anger, and impulsivity (unstable) to confidence,.....

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