Free Psychology Books; the GAL Encyclopedia of Psychology eds by Strickland et al

The GAL Encyclopedia of Psychology eds by Strickland et al

Psychology is one of the most fascinating fields of study. Almost everyone seems interested in understand-ing his or her own behavior, as well as the actions of oth-ers. Psychology is, by far, the most popular of the social and behavioral sciences and one of the most attractive to those who are interested in knowing more about people and their behavior. In college and universities, psycholo-gy has been one of the most popular majors for over three decades, and students are more likely to take an elective course in psychology than one from any other field. Not surprisingly, psychology has also become a popular high school offering. Initially, psychology courses at the secondary school level tried to meet the needs of rapidly maturing adoles-cents who were interested in the changes they were expe-riencing in themselves and in their relationships with oth-ers—family, friends, the world of adults. 

We are living in times of dramatic social change. Each of us continually faces new challenges about how we will make our place in the world. As the discipline of psychology matured, ad-justment courses gave way to substantive content courses that offered not just psychology’s latest findings about de-velopmental and identity issues, but also featured those more traditional areas of cognitive, experimental, physio-logical, and social psychology. These courses were joined by newly developed offerings such as neuropsychology and psycholinguistics. The advances in the scientific side of psychology were paralleled by the remarkable growth of counseling, clinical, and school psychology...............

 
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Free Psychology Books: Phobia, Fears & Anxieties by Ronald, M. & P. Kahn

Phobia, Fears & Anxieties by Ronald, M. & P. Kahn

Phobias are common in the United States and throughout the world. An estimated 19.2 mil-lion adults over age 18 in the United States, or 9 percent of the population, have experienced spe-cific phobic reactions at some time in their lives.Phobic objects, people, or situations are extremely  variable, ranging from fear of large ferocious dogs,a phobia many people can understand, to other phobias that most people find baffling, such asfear of gravity, fear of developing a fever, or fear of strangers. In addition, about 15 million adults(6.8 percent of the population) in any given year suffer from social phobia, in which they avoid orfeel anxious about interacting with others. About1.8 million people (less than 1 percent of the adult population) have agoraphobia that is not associated with panic disorder. Agoraphobia is often characterized by individuals’ fear of leaving their homes or safe areas, lest something dire occur to them.Whatever the phobia, the individual’s life is often dominated by this intense fear, both at work(if the phobic person can work) and at home, and it often makes life extremely difficult for both the phobic person and family members. For example,the agoraphobic parent cannot attend parent-teacher meetings or travel comfortably with their family. The social phobic shuns social gatherings,even those honoring a beloved spouse, and may have difficulty writing checks in public. The indi-vidual with a specific phobia goes to great lengths........

 
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Free Psychology Books: A History of Modern Psychology (2011) by Schultz & Schultz

A History of Modern Psychology (2011) by Schultz & Schultz

Suppose you were walking across the campus and you were approached by a person dressed like a clown. He is wearing bright purple and yellow clothing with oversize sleeves decorated with polka dots, red shoes, wild eye make-up, a white wig, a large red nose, and floppy blue shoes—and he is riding a unicycle. We don’t know about your campus, but we rarely see clowns around ours. If we did, we probably would notice them, wouldn’t you? How could you not notice something as obvious and odd as a clown? That was what Ira Hyman, a psychologist at Western Washington University, wanted to find out. He asked a student to dress up like a clown and ride around the main campus square where hundreds of people were walking to and from classes (Hyman, Boss, Wise, McKenzie & Caggiano, 2009; Parker-Pope, 2009). 

When students reached the edge of the quadrangle, trained observers asked 151 of them if they had seen anything unusual, such as a clown. Only half of the students who were walking by themselves said they noticed the clown.More than 70 percent of those walking with another person saw the clown. Only 25 percent of those who were talking on their cell phones were aware of the clown. In other words, 3 of every 4 students talking on their phones were oblivious to the appearance of a clown on a unicycle right in front of them. They had been so distracted by their conversations or their texting that they could not recollect the bizarre sight. Now you might be thinking that this would be a disappointment to a clown who is trying to attract attention, butmore importantly, what does it have to do with the history of psychology? Consider what the results of this experiment tell us about ourselves. They suggest that we may find it difficult, if not impossible, to pay attention to more than one stimulus at a time. In other words, it is really hard to focus on more than one thing. Does this make you question the value of multitasking, something you most likely do routinely? You probably consider it normal to listen to music while you write a paper, or send a text message while you eat, but are you truly concentrating on either of these activities? Scientists in many fields are investigating the usefulness and effectiveness of multitasking, just as the researchers did in the gorilla study, but their conclusions are not new. Similar results were demonstrated more than 150 years ago, in 1861, by a German psychologist.

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Free Psychology Books: An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis by Dylan Evans

An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis  by Dylan Evans

Psychoanalytic theories are languages in which to discuss psychoanalytic treatment. Today there are many such languages, each withits own particular lexis and syntax. The fact that these languages use many of the same terms, inherited from Freud, can create the impression that they are in fact all dialects of the same language. Such an impression is, however, misleading. Each psychoanalytic theory articulates these terms in a unique way, as well as introducing new terms of its own, and is thus a unique language, ultimately untranslatable. One of the mostimportant psychoanalytic languages in use today is that developed by the Frenchpsychoanalyst, Jacques Lacan (1901–81). This dictionary is an attempt to explore and elucidate this language, which has often been accused of being infuriatingly obscure and sometimes of constituting a totally incomprehensible ‘psychotic’ system. This obscurity has even been seen as a deliberate attempt to ensure that Lacanian discourse remains the exclusive property of a small intellectual elite, and to protect it from externalcriticism. If this is the case, then this dictionary is a move in the other direction, an attempt to open Lacanian discourse up to wider scrutiny and critical engagement. The dictionary is an ideal way of exploring a language since it has the same structure as a language; it is a synchronic system in which the terms have no positive existence, since they are each defined by their mutual differences; it is a closed, self-referential structure in which meaning is nowhere fullypresent but always delayed in continual metonymy; it defines each term by reference to other terms and thus denies the novice reader any point of entry (and, to refer to a Lacanian formula, if there is no point of entry, there can be no sexual relationship).

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Free Psychology Books: The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology by David Matsumoto

The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology By David Matsumoto

 

It is perhaps most fitting that a dictionary of psychology begins with definitions of the terms dictionary and psychology. This is the defi nition of psychology presented in this work, and it highlights several important points concerning this dictionary. First, psychology is broad. Its contents range from the microlevel neural processes that form the building blocks of thought, feeling, and action to the macrolevel social and cultural processes that bind us with our primate relatives in our evolutionary history and defi ne our collectives. For that reason, a dictionary of psychology needs to include terms and concepts related to neural structures, chemicals, transmitters, genes, and anatomy, as much as it needs to include social processes, network analysis, and cultural norms and artifacts. It also needs to include concepts related to the array of abnormal behaviors and methods related to their treatment......

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