Criminal Psychology and Forensic Technology by Helen M. Godwin
When the investigating authorities have identified a search area in relation to a specific crime involving concealment, possibly by burial, the first step has to be the examination of a range of appropriate maps. These must include a geological map, as in some parts of the U.K., outcropping and near surface solid geology of such materials as granite or limestone will, in the former case preclude, and in the second deter, any attempts at digging. Even chalk is immensely difficult to dig into deeply, and the presence of it in an area will almost certainly infer that any burial will be relatively shallow. Similarly, deposits of drift geology such as clay, which tends to be waterlogged, can impede the use of certain investigative methods, such as GPR. Conventional maps will show areas of woodland, settlement, degree of slope, rivers and other bodies of water such as lakes, and roads, tracks, and footpaths which might have been used as access routes. Such knowledge will inform any search strategy, and will document changes over time. Other types of mapping can be useful. Land that is subject to protection as nature reserves or agricultural conservation schemes will almost certainly have been subject to vegetation and land-use mapping, and subsequent vegetation change will be monitored by regular aerial photography. Such data is held in England and Wales by organizations such as English Nature and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, as well as by relevant government departments. It can provide a baseline from which to assess any recent change that could indicate criminal activity.
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